Shaunna -- First, I would stop throwing more medicine in and treat the ich like JN suggested -- salt and heat work so much better than most of those over the counter products.
Second, vacuum your tank and do it every week. The stuff you're seeing on the bottom is likely food. Get down in the gravel with the vacuum.
Third, feed your fish sparingly especially since you're still cycling your tank. Every other day should be fine. If you must feed every day, feed one or two flakes per fish (seriously) and step up your water change schedule to every 5 days at least.
Fourth, as we have suggested before, TEST your water. You gotta do it with a fish-in cycle. You see what can happen.
More likely than not, those meds may have also crashed your biofilter and you may be back to square one with cycling. You also mentioned taking your filter out, that will also cause your beneficial bacteria to die. I know returning your fish isn't an option but for many people it *is* and it is a realistic choice if poor choices are to be rectified.
Your gourami may grow his fin back with good water quality and peaceful tankmates. Gouramis can be bullies and the stress may have sent them into mega-survival mode. Hopefully, with the return of calm, they will chill out but be warned, they can be little creeps also as you have seen.
What's done is done. You have fish you need to get through this. Follow the necessary steps and don't throw the pharmacy at them, it can also lead to even more stress and sickness. CLEAN WATER, NO toxins, a little salt and some heat and go from there..... Good luck!